Qualitative Research Critique The Experience Of Living...

Qualitative Research Critique Assignment The article that I have selected to be critique is â€Å"The Experience of Living with Dementia in Residential Care: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis† by Linda Clare, Julia Rowlands, Errollyn Bruce, Claire Surr, and Murna Downs. Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest Clare, Rowlands, Bruce, Surr Downs (2008) stated the phenomenon of interest very clear that the article is about the personal accounts of older adults living with dementia in a residential care home. The justification of using qualitative method was to have the personal accounts and interviews to have a better understanding of the subjective experience of being in residential care home and living with dementia (Clare, Rowlands, Bruce, Surr Downs, 2008, pg. 712). Prior studies that were quoted in this article had used observational and questionnaire-based studies, this article took a rare approach of getting the direct accounts from the residents face to face (Clare, Rowlands, Bruce, Surr Downs, 2008, pg. 712). The philosophical underpinning of the research method is the 28 qualitative research studies before this study focused on capturing the personal accounts and interviews through comprehensive review with utilizing the grounded theory or phenomenological methods (Clare, Rowlands, Bruce, Surr Downs, 2008, pg. 712). Purpose Clare, Rowlands, Bruce, Surr Downs (2008) states the purpose of the study is to explore how older adults who are diagnosed withShow MoreRelatedQualitative Critique Of A Qualitative Study1207 Words   |  5 Pages Qualitative Critique Paper: Critique of a Qualitative Study Grace Fahham Shenandoah University What was the purpose of the study? The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how occupational therapists’ involved client-centred activities in daily living (CADL) in their practice. This was done by reviewing the therapist’s experiences and reflections about their interaction with clients that suffered from a stroke. The study involved coding of three categoriesRead MoreAnalgesic and Facilitator Pain Assessment5740 Words   |  23 PagesIndividual Research Article Critique Presentation Resource: The research study that you selected in Week Two Develop a 10- to 15-minute presentation in which you address the following points (7 pts): †¢ Strengths and weaknesses of the study †¢ Theoretical and methodological limitations †¢ Evidence of researcher bias †¢ Ethical and legal considerations related to the protection of human subjects †¢ Relationship between theoryRead MoreLiterature Review of Pain Management in Dementia.4900 Words   |  20 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW. Abstract Within the dementia care environment, it is my experience that it is often unclear to nursing staff as to appropriate assessment and management of pain for clients in the palliative stage of their illness. Although nurses have their experience to guide their practice, as the health professional most involved with the client at the end of life, there is a need for review of current assessment tools and management strategies to ensure the care given is evidence based andRead MoreMartha Rogers : Conceptual Nursing Model3136 Words   |  13 Pages- Just as the wave cannot exist for itself, but is ever a part of the heaving surface of the ocean, so must I never live my life for itself, but always in the experience which is going on around me. - Albert Schweitzer Background of the Model The quote above from Albert Schweitzer, embodies the principles of Martha Rogers (1914-1994) conceptual nursing model: the Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB). Put simply, just like a wave within the ocean, as humans, we are all interconnected with andRead MoreWho Are You Calling Old? Negotiating Old Age Identity in the Elderly Consumption Ensemble Michelle Barnhart Àà º Lisa Penaloza18943 Words   |  76 Pagesthe ECE’s division of consumption serve as a means of knowing someone is old and positioning him/her as an old subject, and detail strategies through which older consumers negotiate their age identity when it conï ¬â€šicts with this positioning. This research (1) illuminates ways in which consumer agency in identity construction is constrained in interpersonal interactions, (2) demonstrates old identity as implicated in consumption in relation to and distinction from physiological ability and old subjectRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRast afari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o PauloRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: IntegraRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagestraditional mathematics texts, it is a critical and necessary component of a modern statistics text. Examples and exercises with overly simple settings do not allow students to practice interpreting results in authentic situations or give students the experience necessary to be able to use statistical methods in real settings. We believe that the exercises and examples are a particular strength of this text, and we invite you to compare the examples and exercises with those in other introductory statistics

Why Are Lgbt Students Committing Suicide More Than Non...

In a study research, it was discovered that LGBT [lesbians, gays, bisexual and transgender] youths commit suicide more than heterosexual youths. One question that perturbed my mind was Why are LGBT students committing suicide more than non-LGBT students? What factors are responsible for the massive suicide? Lesbians, gays, bisexual and transgender and heterosexual people are all members of a community, however, the society finds it difficult to accept them as members of the society instead they are being discriminated against. This makes the LGBT teenager to indulge in some malicious act such drinking alcohol, smoking, taking drugs and sleeping around with all kinds of women that infect them with HIV-AIDS and other deadly diseases. Gay, lesbians, bisexual and transgender students suffer violence from heterosexual students .According to research ‘‘...Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted during 2001 to 2009 in seven states and six large urban school districts, the perc entage of LGBT students who were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the prior year ranged from 12% to 28%. In addition, 19 percentage to 29 percentage of gay and lesbian students and 18 percentage to 28 percentage of bisexual students experienced dating violence in the prior year.14 percentage to 31 percentage of gay and lesbian students and 17 percentage to 32 percentage of bisexual students had been forced to have sexual intercourse at some point in their lives [centersShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bullying and Harassment Among the Lgbtq Youth3521 Words   |  15 Pagesschool, and suicide (Hawker amp; Boulton, 2000). Unfortunately, one of the most victimized groups of students subjected to bullying and harassment is the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered and queer youth. According to the National Youth Association, 9 out of 10 LGBT students have experienced harassment while at school. It also states that LGBT teens are bullied two to three t imes as much as straight teens. These high rates of bullying may explain why more than one-third of LGBT kids haveRead MoreCyberbullying Controversy : Cyberbullying And Bullying2637 Words   |  11 Pagesimportant issues because there are reasons behind why a person is being treated differently and why a person hurt others. The people who are mostly affected by cyberbullying are the bullies, victims, their families and anyone who is an expert in the field of psychology. The bully and the victims are equally affected because they both have the same symptoms. They both hurt themselves and they hurt people around them. The bully has many reasons why they hurt others, it could be from their family or

Social Media Campaign

Question: Choose any business (B2C or B2B) or nonprofit organization that could benefit from a social media campaign. Then, develop the marketing campaign. The campaign needs to: Describe specific campaign objectives. Identify and describe the target audience. Describe the social media marketing activities. Describe the metrics to be used to judge campaign success. Develop a timeline for the specific campaign. Answer: Marketing campaign objective In this assignment the researcher has discussed the marketing objective of Apple Inc. Apple Inc is a multinational company which deals in the field of the mobile industry (Apple, 2016). To increase the sale of the product in the United States of America. To make sure that the product is available in every retail shop. To increase the visibility of the product. To create awareness of the product among the general public. To build a hype of the new product launched by Apple. To promote the brand name of the organization. Target Audience The target audiences of Apple are mainly premium clients. The prices of the product are high, and it attracts the corporate clients. This has helped the organization to increase their profit range. The organization is also planning to attract the young generation. Apple is planning to introduce products with market penetration pricing strategy (Apple, 2016). This will help the organization to attract teenagers and college students. Apple has also redefined its market by the introduction of innovative mobile phones and softwares. This has helped Apple to attract customers between the age group of 20 years to 50 years (Lhr, 2013). Social media marketing activities Apple has used social media hugely to promote its marketing activities. The organization has displayed all their products on the website of the organization (Carlson Lee, 2015). Apple has used social media sites like Facebook and Twitter to promote its products. In Facebook, the organization has opened a group in which the details of the products are displayed. Different reviews about the products of Apple are also posted on the Facebook page. Twitter has also been used by Apple to promote its marketing objectives. Top management of the organization has also created blogs in which benefit of the products are highlighted. Promotions of the new products are also done through the social media sites. Apple has also promoted its products through Instagram (Alharbie 2015). Apple also promotes through pop-up advertisement in different sites. The organization has also sent an email to their existing customers to promote their new products. All these have improved the social media marketing objectives. Metrics to judge campaign success The success of the social media marketing campaign is judged by online orders of customers, number of people who have visited the website, number of followers, comments, and likes. Measuring Criteria Met Not met Online order of customers Website visits Number of followers Likes Comments Tweets Table 1: Metrics to judge success of campaign (Source: Created by the author) Timeline of specific campaign Image 1 Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Promotion through groups in Facebook 15 days Thu 6/16/16 Wed 7/6/16 blogs in twitter 15 days Thu 7/7/16 Wed 7/27/16 1 posting on Instagram 15 days Thu 7/28/16 Wed 8/17/16 2 posting on the website of the organizations 15 days Thu 8/18/16 Wed 9/7/16 3 Table 2: Time frame of Activities (Source: Created by the author) References Alharbie, A. (2015). Business growth thru social media marketing.International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies,13(4), 873. Apple. (2016).Apple. Retrieved 16 June 2016, from https://www.apple.com/ Carlson, A., Lee, C. C. (2015). Followership and social media marketing.Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,19(1), 80. Lhr, T. (2013).Social media-marketing: Wirkungsweise und erfolgskontrolleDiplomica Verlag.

Outline and assess feminist explanations for the relationship between gender and victimisation free essay sample

Official crime statistics show that males are four times more likely to commit crimes than females. Victim surveys show women to be more likely to be victims of sexual and violent assaults than males. It has also been suggested there are gender differences in punishments. Radical feminists such as Heidensohn claim that women’s lower crime rates can be explained in terms of patriarchy. She claims that both in the private sphere (family) and public sphere (work and leisure) men exert power and social control over women. Heidensohn describes domesticity as ‘a form of detention’; the endless hours spent on housework and the constant monitoring of young children in the family leave little time for illegal activities. Women who challenge the traditional roles of women within the family run the risk of having them imposed by force. In public, women are controlled by the male use of force and violence, by the idea of holding on to a ‘good’ reputation, and by the ‘ideology of separate spheres’. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and assess feminist explanations for the relationship between gender and victimisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Women often choose not to go out into public places because of the fear of being attacked or raped. Heidensohn argues that the consequence of this control is that women have fewer opportunities to commit crime and acts of deviance whereas men have more opportunity. However, many of Heidensohn’s arguments are based upon generalisations, some of which don’t apply to all women. She doesn’t always support her claims with strong empirical evidence. Furthermore, she admits that many of the empirical tests of control theory have been carried out on juvenile offenders rather than adults, and that control theory does sometimes portray women as being passive victims. Yet, Heidensohn does present a plausible explanation of why such a gap remains between men’s and women’s crime rates. In doing so she highlights some of the inequalities that remain between men and women. Also, Dobash and Dobash support the view that domestic violence is a product of patriarchal control, as they found that domestic violence was often triggered off by husbands’ perception that his wife was not always carrying out her ‘duties’ thus suggesting women are victims of this violence  because of patriarchy thereby giving validity to radical feminist ideas. However, Panorama’s research into violent women would suggest that violent crime is in fact a significant and growing problem amongst females (e.g. girl gangs and female domestic abusers) thus suggesting the validity of radical feminist theories must be questioned. Furthermore, Postmodern feminists would suggest the ideas are dated and don’t take into account the significant changes which have occurred in women’s lives – for example women’s greater access to paid employment – thus suggesting that radical feminist ideas only offer a partial view of gender differences in patterns of offending, victimisation and punishment in contemporary society. Furthermore, Interactionist feminists reject official crime statistics, seeing them as little more than a social construction. They point out that females are under represented in the statistics and therefore the statistics don’t present an accurate picture of the social distribution of criminality. These feminists share Becker’s idea that the social distribution of crime and deviance is dependant on processes of social interaction between the deviant and powerful agencies of social control. They suggest that females are less likely to be policed and labelled as deviant than males, which is perhaps because of sexism and chivalry within the police. This also has the effect that women are given less severe punishments than males. Chivalry asserts that women are stereotyped as fickle and childlike, and therefore not fully responsible for their criminal behaviour. Undeniably, interactionist feminist theories have gained support. Campbell found that females were more likely to receive cautions from police than males (who would receive more severe punishments) and Hedderman and Hough claim that female offenders are far less likely than male offenders to receive a custodial sentence for nearly all serious offences. A study by Allen, based upon an examination of crime statistics, found evidence that women sometimes escape prison in very serious cases, where a male may have been expected to receive a prison term. These studies thus give validity to interactionist feminist ideas. On the other hand, however, Box reviewed the data from self-report studies in Britain and the USA and found that, although a few of these studies indicated some leniency towards females, the  majority did not thus casting doubt on the chivalry thesis. Also, Marxist feminists would criticise interactionist feminists for ignoring social class. They would point out that selective law is not only tied to gender but also to social class thus suggesting that interactionist feminist theory only offers a partial view of gender differences in patterns of offending, victimisation and punishments. Otto Pollak agrees that statistics underestimate the extent of female criminality. From an examination of official figures in a number of different countries, he claimed to have identified many findings. First, he assumed that nearly all offences of shoplifting and all criminal abortions were carried out by women, and then asserted that such crimes were likely to come to the attention of the authorities. He also argued that many unreported crimes were committed by female domestic servants. He then went on to say that women’s domestic roles gave them the opportunity to hide crimes such as poisoning relatives and sexually abusing their children. An important factor for why there is an under-recording of female crime, according to Pollack, is that women are particularly adept at hiding their crimes; he attributed this to female biology. Women have become accustomed to deceiving men because traditional taboos prevent women from revealing pain and discomfort resulting from menstruation. Furthermore, women also learn to mislead men during sex; men can’t disguise sexual arousal when they get an erection, whereas women cab take part in sexual intercourse while faking interest and pleasure. However, Stephen Jones points out that Pollack gave no real evidence that female domestic servants commit many crimes against their employers or that women are better at concealing crimes than men. Jones says: ‘Pollack’s methodology nowadays appears hardly satisfactory: for example, he failed to take account of changes in the law against abortion in several of the countries he studied’. Heidensohn also criticises Pollack, noting that later research indicates that much shoplifting is committed by men. She also comments that ‘concealment of menstruation is by no means universal and changed sexual mores have long since made nonsense of his view as passive, receptive females brooding vengeance’. Heidensohn regards Pollack’s work as  being based upon an unsubstantiated stereotypical image of women, and notes his unwillingness to attribute male crime to a biological predisposition to aggression and violence. In conclusion, it seems that there are many different views of gender differences in patterns of offending, punishment and victimisation. At one end theories accept the crime statistics and offer explanations as to why males are more criminally inclined; however, theorists reject the statistics and give explanations as to why female criminality is under-represented. Yet, it may be all of theories are becoming out-dated, as the equality between men and women has been rising rapidly in recent years and so it may be that the gender differences in rates of offending, punishment and victimisation are becoming diminished.

How far was theTsar Nicholas the second responsible free essay sample

The ever declining popularity of world war one, the failure for the Tsar to make reforms after the 1905 revolution, along with ever growing forces of revolutionary parties all contributed to the fall of the Tsar Nicholas the II. But was he to blame? In this essay one will discuss the factors instigating the fall of the Tsar, and how far he was responsible for his own demise. The living conditions for the peasant population across Russia were atrocious. This presented itself as a major problem for the Tsar, as over 80% of the population was comprised of peasants, and this lead to them emanding reform. Over 25% of the wealth of Russia was owned by Just 1% of the population, this alarming statistic created a colossal division between rich and poor, further stressing the peasants point of reformation. By 1904 life expectancy in Russia was 40, despite serfdom being abolished, peasants had to pay redemption reparations to cover landowners workforce losses, these repayments lasted for 49 years, longer than a peasants lifetime, sometimes even two. We will write a custom essay sample on How far was theTsar Nicholas the second responsible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These problems all lead to the widespread strikes and protest that spread across Russia between 1905 and 917. The widespread unrests across Russia lead to the horrific event of bloody Sunday where over 1000 peaceful protestors were killed, ruining Nicholas image as the little father. This event was the spark of the 1905 revolution, and through this, events such as the Potemkin Mutiny occurred. As a result of this widespread uproar, the October manifesto was produced. This could have potentially resolved the problems, especially considering the duma, however the Tsar made bad decisions and still had complete autocratic power, a power that the duma could not control. In reality the October manifesto did not solve anything, it merely postponed the inevitability of the Tsars downfall and increased his ever proliferating opposition. In 1914 Russia Joined the war under the rule of Nicholas, initial response to the war was popular, and for a brief time the Tsars popularity soared, this was down to the new found hope of victory, reinforced by nationalism. However in reality it was a different story; early defeats lead to over one million deaths by the end of 1914, and this crushed any morale for the war. As the war continued, Russia persisted to fght a losing battle, the death toll mounted and Russian lands were being lost rapidly. This soon made the war unpopular and as a result increased opposition to the Tsar. By 1916 the transport system had completely shut down, and the war had drained Russia into economic collapse. This lead to widespread famine across what was left of the Russian empire, and millions starved. The economic system had failed, leading to a loss in the value of the rouble, resulting in a distrust of government. This distrust had been growing, especially because the Tsarina was German, she was considered a spy. Notably one of the Tsars greatest mistakes, and arguably the final straw was when he elected himself GI-C of the army. He had next to nothing in terms of military experience, and left the German Tsarina in charge of the government. By 1917 the people of Russia demanded peace and an end to the war. This combination destroyed the Tsars reputation completely, and lead to the rise in support for revolutionary parties. During the time ot the 1917 revolution, there were three main parties, the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and the Social revolutionaries. All three parties drove towards revolution, and forced the Tsar to abdicate. The Tsar had no other choice but to abdicate, unlike in 1905, the revolution was more organised and the Tsar had lost the support of his army, he could do nothing but flee or die, he chose the latter, only to postpone his inevitable fate. It was in 1917 that Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the social revolutionary party; took power after the Tsars abdication by nstigating the provisional government after the march/February revolution. In conclusion; the Tsar was almost entirely responsible for his own destruction. Despite many chances of amending his mistakes, such as that of the October Manifesto, he persisted to repress his people, leading to his imminent destruction as the leader of Russia. However in defence of the Tsar; he was ill equipped for the task as leader of Russia, especially after inheriting the throne unexpectedly from his father. He had received no training, no preparation, and had no military experience nd was effectively stabbing in the dark with his political decisions. This was notably no fault of his own, but more the fault of the tradition of Russian autocracy. The poor decisions are blindingly obvious to an individual who would have been trained; such as taking charge as C-I-C and ignoring the threat of revolution, and even being presented with the chance to amend his wrong doings, he turned away. These decisions ultimately cost him his life, and had he been adequately equipped for the job of Tsar, he would not have made these poor decisions.

how did the greeks stereotype essays

how did the greeks stereotype essays How did the Greeks stereotype women and how were they justified in doing so? From the beginnings of establishing male physical superiority over women, men in antiquity went on to assume women were morally and intellectually inferior to men. Women, in their eyes, were different and should be treated as such. It would be quite wrong to say that female stereotypes of ancient Greece emerged from the divine; nor can we extrapolate any common stereotypes from their actions. The goddesses cannot strictly be thought of as female as they are divine entities merely taking the shape of a human Athene is only called such through convention and for ease of recognition. Also, by definition, the goddesses were not normal people; this is where the first problem arises in assessing the stereotypes of women in Greece normal people, especially women, were not written about much only the extraordinary were studied; this makes the assessment of the norm even more difficult. Semonides is one writer who concentrated on the character of women at his time; his work sums up the typecast role of a woman. He begins his poem with the line: In the beginning Zeus made the female mind separately here he is immediately isolating women - women were made differently and should be treated differently this was the male justification. He carries on to describe the ten different characters of the female species, these are: the pig (a slob), the fox, earth (glutton), the bitch ( always yapping), the sea woman (moody), donkey (promiscuous), ferret ( she makes any man she has with her sick), the horse (lazy), the monkey ( the biggest plague of all that Zeus has given to man) and the bee lady (a respectable housewife). These characters all lay the basis for the ancient Greek stereotype of women, as is evident, the majority of these stereotypes are negative. By first stating women have identi...

Analysis of performance management of Marks and Spencer with interview Essay

Analysis of performance management of Marks and Spencer with interview questions - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the multi-channel sale is one of the reasons why the company is successful in the U.K. The customers are also more fashion conscious and are less sensitive to prices. They would be ready to go for the trendiest clothes even if it is overly priced. The existences of competition in the market with other brands that are equally high priced have helped the brand to survive in the U.K. market with the high end products. There is abundance of shoppers in Britain who make their purchases from the high end stores. The people of the British Market are more conscious about their health. Therefore they would go for the luxury food products. The sales of these products reach the peak during Christmas. The company also has a strong brand presence in UK. Most of the shoppers go to the stores and are ready to pay high because of the label under which they are buying. Company’s approach towards dealing with the customers and understanding the pulse of the m arket was the reason for company’s sudden growth. When the strategy that our team took became successful in the homeland of the brand the senior management of Marks & Spencer took a decision to engage our entire team in China to understand the market situation and to help increase the sales figures in the country. Hence sending this team for handling the China market was again a strategic move by the senior management of M&S to increase the market share in China. ... The customers are also more fashion conscious and are less sensitive to prices. They would be ready to go for the trendiest clothes even if it is overly priced (Kurtz, 2010, p. 147). The existences of competition in the market with other brands that are equally high priced have helped the brand to survive in the U.K. market with the high end products. There is abundance of shoppers in Britain who make their purchases from the high end stores. The people of the British Market are more conscious about their health. Therefore they would go for the luxury food products. The sales of these products reach the peak during Christmas. The company also has a strong brand presence in UK. Most of the shoppers go to the stores and are ready to pay high because of the label under which they are buying. Company’s approach towards dealing with the customers and understanding the pulse of the market was the reason for company’s sudden growth. When the strategy that our team took became successful in the homeland of the brand the senior management of Marks & Spencer took a decision to engage our entire team in China to understand the market situation and to help increase the sales figures in the country. Hence sending this team for handling the China market was again a strategic move by the senior management of M&S to increase the market share in China. Our team had been entrusted with the duty of analyzing the market properly and to find out how the sales can be increased. The target market had to be identified and the pricing strategies had to be developed to make an impact on the bottom line. The brand commenced its operations in China in 2008. We opened up 14 stores in different parts of China. The shop

New Jersey Homeowners Force Majeure - Soil Erosion Research Paper

New Jersey Homeowners Force Majeure - Soil Erosion - Research Paper Example As far back as the 1970s, the United States government was already helping states that were afflicted with soil erosion debacles.   The United States Congress crafted and passed the Model State Policy for Erosion and Sediment Control Law during the 1970s. The law focuses on monitoring, controlling, and alleviating soil erosion within the 50 states, including New Jersey. The law penalizes violations that would aggravate the current soil erosion problems of any United States community. Furthermore, the government’s Army Corps of Engineers went on a massive beach replenishment program. The soil erosion management program Included New Jersey’s Sea Bright to Monmouth beaches. The two beach communities are normally the first to be hit by rampaging hurricanes entering the United States east coast territorial areas.   During 1991, the New Jersey government spent $1.2 billion to repair the soil erosion that cropped up along the beaches lined from Sea Bright beach to Monmouth beach soil. In 1991 and 1992, the New Jersey soil erosion damages reached $250 million. In 1992, the Federal Government allocated $15 million annually for the coastal soil erosion control and rehabilitation program.   The United States government pays for 65 percent of the cost of soil erosion program. The remaining 35 percent is paid by the local New Jersey government’s counties and other private contributors. The soil erosion program includes the soil replenishment of Cape M ay City, Sea Isle, Union Beach, Harvey Cedars, Spring Lake, and Atlantic City. Moreover, many people are heading towards coasts to engage in their favorite pastime, beach activities.   Research conducted shows that 4/5 of the United States coastlines, including the New Jersey coastline, are eroding. Some eroding locations reach as high as five feet a year. Likewise, the global warming’s side effect, ocean level rising, significantly contributes to soil eroding as the ocean encroaches into the low areas of the coastal areas, including the New Jersey coastline. The research also indicated that the United States East Coast is slowly sinking below the ocean level, leading to coastal flooding.

Journey to the West Essay Example for Free

Journey to the West Essay In The Journey to the West, Pilgrim and the woodcutter seem to be similar where they both feel that they have a purpose in life. However, their situations are different from one another. For instance, Pilgrim tries to better himself by seeking the immortals, as well as, gaining eternal youth. He is full of passion, desire, and excitement, which has lead him to have no worrisome thoughts. He has nothing holding him back from the tasks that he wishes to accomplish. Unlike the Pilgrim, the woodcutter continuously is concerned about his mother and how he is going to make enough money each day to take care of her. The immortals even taught the woodcutter a poem that would help him to calm down because of his worrisome feelings. Pilgrim is someone that follows his curiosity to find newer and bigger things, while the woodcutter is merely a slave to his obligations of making a decent living. Due to his obligations, the woodcutter does not have any dreams for his future, and even if he did, he would never dare follow them. Pilgrim only cares about himself and the benefits that he will receive due to his journey to find the immortals. The woodcutter is not as selfish or as motivated with what he wants to do with his life. Since the woodcutter was a child, he has taken on the responsibility of being an adult. Woodcutter approaches Pilgrim by saying, â€Å"when I was young, I was indebted to my parents’ nurture until I was eight or nine. As soon as I began to have some understanding of human affairs, my father unfortunately died, and my mother remained a widow. I had no brothers or sisters; so there was no alternative but for me alone to support and care for my mother. Now that my mother is growing old, all the more I dare not leave her† (Wu Cheng’en 433). Even after the woodcutter’s explanation, Pilgrim still asked him to come along on his journey with him to find the immortals. Pilgrim does not have any concern or regard about the woodcutter’s problems and his responsibility to take care of his mother. According to Pilgrim’s actions, he continues to prove his selfishness while the woodcutter dedicates his life to taking care of someone other than himself and proving his unselfish ways. Pilgrim is the type of individual that will jump at any opportunity that comes his way. He takes every chance that has any possible potential for him to improve. Consequently, the woodcutter has an immortal neighbor and has no desire to learn anything from him. If Pilgrim had that opportunity, he would be grateful and take advantage of such a connection. Pilgrim has to go on an arduous quest for what the woodcutter has in the palm of his hand. Overall the woodcutter does not think very highly of himself like Pilgrim does. Pilgrim calls him a â€Å"gentleman† and â€Å"honored brother,† while the woodcutter refers to himself as a â€Å"foolish fellow.† He lives a mundane life with no goals or ambitions. He is stuck in a rut, because of the duty to his mother to which he holds himself accountable. Pilgrim lives freely and open minded, unlike the woodcutter, but then again, Pilgrim has nothing restraining him.

Premarital Sex And Promiscuity Theories

Premarital Sex And Promiscuity Theories This essay will be discussing the topic of promiscuity and premarital sex from both Ellistons and Punzos theories. According to Punzo on Premarital sex, it is for two people to have engaged in a sexual contact/intercourse without having the full commitment but on the other hand, promiscuity according to Elliston it is to have sex with many different people without having any commitment. When comparing both, Punzo is seen as the conservative while Elliston is seen as supporting casual sex. Punzos theory is when two people are together having sex they both must be engaged in a deep commitment between the two people. On the other hand, Elliston is arguing that sexual intercourse doesnt require any thoughts or strong consideration with any commitments since it is not that big of a deal. According to Elliston promiscuity is seen as free love, where you can just meet someone and starting to fall in love with them. With this definition, it might be easier for some to understand it, as having freedom. It can also be recognized as having recreational sex, having sex just for fun. When the word fun comes with anything, it will be seen as attractive and easy going. Elliston has created a definition himself that better defined promiscuity. Promiscuity is defined as sex with a series of other adults not directly related through marriage and with no commitments; no promises of affection, sexual exclusivity in future (Elliston 144). Elliston also stated that for those who just want to get others in bed to have sex by lying, exploiting, and deceiving or something close to it are wrong. It is seen as wrong because it breaches the ethical principles that we all learned as a child, which is not to lie. When someone is lying about everything just because they are trying to get someone in bed to have sex with them, it is seen as very unethical. Promiscuity is seen as to the advantage of males and to the disadvantage of females because it is true that males do not have anything to lose while females will lose their virginity and at times their love. It has become exploitive; woman would get social blame but man would get sexual satisfaction. Promiscuity is not actually wrong but it is the double standard that is in places where woman is at a disadvantage in comparison to man. Promiscuity can not be defined as wrong all the time; the charges that it necessarily violates generally accepted a moral principle is false. (E lliston 146). Elliston is saying that the double standard that should be remove but not the promiscuity, since it is always seen as a disadvantage for woman. The female involved might not feel the same as to being cheated or being used for the man to have their sexual satisfaction but it might be the woman who is using the man to satisfy herself. Sex is just a body language in the form of body interaction between the two people that are willing to interact and it leads to pleasure. It also has a deep meaning behind it. According o Elliston, sex is more than thrusts and moans, caresses and sighsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦just as verbal language has a dimension of meaning beyond phonemes and morphemes, so body language has a significance beyond the intertwining of two bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Promiscuity has instrumental value in that it can facilitate the mastery of one kind of body languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sexual body language is learned through sexual interactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦experiences enable an individual to develop a repertoire of gestures for communicating desire and affection and of decisive movements that clearly state intentions of love or amusement. People can be moved not only by the things we say but also by the things we do-with them, for them, or to themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦desire and satisfaction can be communicated not only through verbal exchanges, but also through a lingering look and an appreciative caress. To a shattered ego a physical embrace may express far more reassurance than its verbal counterparts, and a kiss may convey desire more eloquently than pleas or poemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The observance of this etiquette is an acknowledgement of the selfhood of the other. The acquisition of it is one of the opportunities promiscuity provides(Elliston 149). Based on this quote, Elliston is saying sex is a part of body language and the more you practice it the better you will get. The skills that you get from promiscuity will wider range of people outside of marriage or committed-relationships. Usually a married couple would be seen as only one man is allow to have dinner with one woman, which is referring to only having sex with the partner and that is it, third party is not acceptable (traditionally). Elliston sees having sex with one person at first before you decide to love that person or not. Pretty much he i s saying having sex first will be a pre-stage of trying out whether the persons sexual skill or chemistry from sexual intercourse will help you decide to love this person or not. Therefore Elliston is arguing that promiscuity should be allow and should not be seen as wrong because it is something for the two to try out and see if the chemistry is there. In Punzos view, sex before marriage or even having sex with no commitment is seen as wrong. Punzo has answered the question of is having pre-martial sex without any commitment wrong, with using Wilsons theory of sexual intercourse to compare it with playing tennis and Chessers theory of two people going to see movies together. Both Wilson and Chesser see it normal and there is nothing morally wrong about having pre-marital sex. At the same time, Punzo has disagreed with both of them stating that going to the movies or playing tennis with many people are just some general activities which anyone can encounter, but it does not necessary have to be the one you would have sex with, or have any sexual interest with. In Punzos view, sexual intercourse must be between two committed people, so having sex without any sort of commitment is wrong. Punzo states that commitment is a must before sex, as one must agree to commit to a relationship before they can move on to a new level in their rela tionship, through having sex, the two gives themselves to each other in the way of trust, expressing ones mind, and feelings through the most intimate activity, sexual intercourse. Punzo see Ellistons argument between sex and dinning is a wrong example because dinning and sex are two different things, it is in an extreme that it has nothing to do with each other, dinning and sex has no connection at all. Dinning can be with any friends, or family members, and it does not involve any sexual contacts. Yes, dinning can be with your spouse, partner but it can also be with someone else. Both eating and sex do give people satisfaction, but they are totally different from each other. Food is a need for people to survive but people can live with out sex. Ellistons theory is to have sexual intercourse with as many people as you can before falling in love, but Punzos theory is to be in love or have the necessary commitment before having sexual intercourse. The moral perspectives of both are totally different from each other. This is why Punzo would not agree with Elliston and vice versa. Ellistons argument has a defect to it, it is having sex with a number of people does not only increase the skills of ones sexual ability, but it also limits the important value of having the most intimate relationship with the other through sexual intercourse. I believe we all know that having sex with the one we love is the most loving and special feeling of being complete as a whole. If one is engaged in a sexual activity with many other people and then stated that the one is now in love with their partner is not a rational theory, but it is also very confusing and unreasonable that promiscuity does not damage a committed relationship. Having sex without any commitment, and isolate oneself with uncommitted sex is a view that may not be true. They can have sex without any commitment but they might realize more about themselves. It doesnt mean they are isolating themselves just because they do not involve in a committed relationship. Punzos full commitment does not have a clear defi nition, does it mean to be in a legal marriage with legal documents, and so if the two are just common-law couple then does that mean they are not legal? Punzo should have clear that term and have a better explanation of it. With the mutual understanding and respects towards each other with pre-martial sex, it is not going to affect the two negatively. It would not be harm if pre-martial sex will lead the two into commitment and onto future commitment, it would become a good thing. If pre-martial sex is happening then protection is needed to prevent any unexpected or unwanted pregnancy. In conclusion, both Punzo and Elliston has their pros and cons. Premarital sex should follow Punzos theory of sex, and they must involve commitment, but not with full commitment. Punzo did not clarify what full commitment means, if it meant at the stage of being legally married, then those who are only engaged or soon to be marry couples should not be having any sexual interactions. Also promiscuity must be permitted only if no one is being hurt and lie to as a result of promiscuity. It is true that Ellistons argument of double standard needs to be remove because it is only seen as woman being the one that are at a disadvantage, but sometimes it is not the case, woman would be out to lie to man just to get money or any material that need from the man. Therefore double standard should be remove but not promiscuity. Also promiscuity is a good way to practice ones sexual skills and ability in the bed, it is true to the term practice makes prefect, it would suit this practice of promisc uity closely.

Demographic Data Interpretation Essay

Using the results from A1, we can see that there is the Black American Female Population has a lower CDR and a higher ISDR than the White American Female Population. As we know CDR does not refer to sub-groups that might better represent the population likely to experience the death, which indicates that it takes no account of the age structure of the population. In fact, the age structure of populations can have substantial effects on crude rates. (CDR= ÃŽ £Pop in age sex group/ Total Population* ASDR) It is obvious that there is a significantly larger proportion of the White American female population in the elder age groups (due to high life expectancy and low exposure to mortality). However, the White American Female Population has a higher CDR at 9.162 than the CDR of the Black American Female at 6.735, therefore, the CDRs we calculated do not accurately account for the age structure of the population. When we have a look at the data for ASDRs, it is obviously that ASDRS of aged 55-85+ of the Black are much higher than the White, however, the respectively number of females population of the White is significantly larger than the Black, around ten times averagely. Therefore, even if the CDR is higher, it does not adequately indicate a higher mortality rate instead of consideration of ASDRs, which is difference in age structures. On the other hand, ISDRsï ¼Ë†the Indirect Standardized Death Rateï ¼â€°of the two populations was 11.479 per 1000 population for the Black American Female Population, compared to the ISDR of the White American Female Population at 9.162 deaths per 1000 population.) Since ISDR is the data results from population standardization, which is a procedure of adjustment of crude rates to eliminate the effects age structure from the crude rates, it is more appropriate for evaluating different mortalities. The method we use here is the indirect standardization which are standardises on Age Specific Death Rates. This measure is calculated by using a SMR, which is the mortality ratio between the actual observed number of deaths in the population of interest divided by the expected number of deaths were that population to experience the ASDRs of the base population, which in this case is the White American Female Population. Since the ADSRs of the base population are lower for every point in comparison to the Black American Female Population, the SMR indicates that the population of interest experienced a much higher actual exposure to mortality in comparison to its standard population, which is the White population. Unlike the CDR, the ISDR measures standardize the mortality exposure of the population of interest by for differences in age structure. It is a more accurate measure to correctly adjust for differences in age structure between different populations and allows us to more accurately compare the overall mortality exposure of the two populations. B.2.Using the results from A.2, describe the changes in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) over time among the Black and White American female population. Suggest possible causes or determinants of the changes. How do the values of Net Reproduction Rates (NRR) for the Black and White American female population in 2011 compare to the replacement level? Refer to Appendix A &B As shown by the table, from 2006 to 2011, ASFRs of age groups 15-29 of the Black female population have declined, while they increased between age 30 to 49 of the Black during this period. In contrast, during this period, the ASFRs of the White female American population have declined for all age groups between 15 to 49, except for an increase of 0.1 in age group 40-44. By comparing the two population in different year, we can see that, in 2006 and 2011, ISDRs of age 15-24 of the Black is significantly higher than the White of same age groups, while In 2006, ISDRs of age 25-49 of the Black is continuously lower than the White of same age groups. However, in 2011, only two ASDRs of age groups 25-29 and 35-39 of the White were higher than that of the Black. On the other hand, the general trends of TFR of both populations were declining from 2006 to 2011, while the TFR of the Black was continuously higher than the White during this period. Possible determinants of these common changes between the different ethnicities could include a primary trend among young adults of both black and white to postpone having children. According to data of 2006, among 18-to-24-year-olds, more women than men are enrolled in college in every racial and ethnic group. Increasing college attendance, especially among women, leads to better education, which affects the timing of marriages and first births of women, typically delaying both. Therefore, the U.S. fertility rate may drop further if the share of women attending and completing college continues to increase. (WSJ 2013) On the other hand, as the flow of immigrants is essential to the maintenance and growth of fertility, a slowdown in immigration into the US has also caused significant drops in the US fertility rate. Moreover, relatively high unemployment rates among African Americans may have played a role in the fertility decline—especially among those with less education and lower incomes. The fertility rate began to depend on women’s employment and earnings relative to men. (Overberg, P 2013) Women outnumber men in college and make up a growing share of the labor force. This gave rise to the recession which hit male-dominated jobs. As more women become primary breadwinners, fertility decisions are more likely to hinge on women’s earnings than they did in previous decades. A growing reliance on women’s employment and earnings had a greater influence on both the black and white fertility rate in America. As to data of NRR, the values for both populations in 2011 are 0.924 for NRR of the black and 0.855 of the white, we can see that the Black American female population had a higher NRR than the White population. This may due to national traditions and cultural norms as well as other important determinants such as socioeconomic status, impact on income, education, trend in marriage and access to contraception. (Population Reference Bureau ) Comparing the NRRs for both populations to the replacement level at 1.0, indicates that if ASFRs and ASDRs (and sex ratio at birth) remain constant over time, and there is no migration, these populations eventually will decline in size. B.3. Using the results from A.3, write paragraphs describing and accounting for the changes in the female population of USA between 2006 and 2011 shown by your projection for USA (e.g. how is the total number of population projected to change, which age groups are projected to increase and which to decrease, what are the components of the projected growth, how can relative cohort sizes account for the changes by age). According to the graphics of Appendix C, which shows the comparison of American female population of different ages from 0-85+ during year 2006 to 2011, we can see that the 2011 projection has a significantly larger proportion of the population in the 45 and over age group. More significantly, there is a projected increase in the number of elderly dependents especially above age group 50-54 in 2011 compared to year 2006. On the other hand, when having a look at the population of working age referring to the graph, there is a projected reduction from age 35-50 in 2011 compared to year 2006. Therefore, more elderly dependents with less population at work gave rise to larger elder dependency ratio of American females. The total number of the female US population in 2006 was approximately 154,120,000. While the projected figure has been estimated at 146,092,459, which is approximately an 8 million decline in population as a result of lower fertility, net migration and a constant sex ratio. The expected number of births has been projected to decrease at around the same ratio with the US decreasing fertility rates. The Census Bureau projects that the U.S. population will continue to grow, to almost 440 million persons by year 2050, albeit at a slower pace than the growth recorded over the past half-century. However, the population projections are rely upon assumptions about the future courses of mortality, fertility, and immigration. Immigration has been another important component of population growth in the United States. The net immigration rate, which is an essential factor to the age-sex structure of US population, has been projected to be positive nearly among all age groups from 0 to 84, except for the eldest age group 85+ (-49). Average growth rates for each 5-year projection period were positive, but have generally been declining over time. Expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the period, the average population growth rate in the 2006, for example, was 1.7% per annum while it was only 0.9% per year during the 2011. The Census Bureau assumes that the growth rate will remain positive through year 2050, but will fluctuate over the time period. The current level of 0.8% per annum will increase through 2030 to closer to 0.9% per annum. After 2030 the growth rate is expected to return to 0.8% per annum.( Census Bureau 2013) Trends in the size and growth of the U.S. population reflect the importance of the role of human reproduction and the fertility factors, as well as the net effect of population migrants of the United States. Reference According to data of 2006, among 18-to-24-year-olds, more women than men are enrolled in college in every racial and ethnic group. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/12/us-births-decline/1880231/. Fact Sheet: The Decline in U.S. Fertility – Population Reference Bureau http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2012/world-population-data-sheet/fact-sheet-us-population.aspx. Welcome to Human Life Alliance. 2013. Welcome to Human Life Alliance. http://www.humanlife.org/didyouknow_alarming.php. the U.S. fertility rate may drop further if the share of women attending and completing college continues to increase. http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/2/325.full?sid=bd3dc4c6-be39-441c-b9a8-b9e711ee655f The Census Bureau assumes that the growth rate will remain positive through year 2050, but will fluctuate over the time period. The current level of 0.8% per annum will increase through 2030 to closer to 0.9% per annum. After 2030 the growth rate is expected to return to 0.8% per annum. https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=01f85fe64f&view=att&th=13ec4dc1b157e429&attid=0.0&disp=inline&safe=1&zw&saduie=AG9B_P9thup8H_Ebi0Peyp5cqgdD&sadet=1369102489566&sads=eGFMn9_Rn4kq-DrLuiCtBKINAzw

Second Life Ready for Business

1. What problems can Second Life help businesses solve? Second Life provides businesses with tools for online conferencing, online collaboration, knowledge management, and prototyping. Companies can test new products using Second Life’s 3-D rendering programs. They can experiment with new marketing and advertising campaigns to see how people react. They can receive feedback on real-world products or services. 2. Considering what you have learned about Second Life, how could you, as an individual, create a modest start-up business on the Grid? What goods would you sell? Why would this be a good choice of product? What, in simple terms, would your business plan be? Why would it work? One potential new business would be to sell furnishings for online spaces. People inherently want to furnish and decorate their private spaces. The products could be bought and sold using Lindens. The start-up costs could be low since there aren’t any inventory costs. You can create the furnishings as they’re ordered. A business plan would include advertising ideas, marketing ideas, how to deliver the products, customer follow-up ideas, and financial planning. 3. Visit eBay on the Web and see what Second Life items you can find listed for auction. How would you rate the activity surrounding these items? Are you surprised by what you see? Why or why not? Obviously the information for this question will fluctuate. As of this writing, eBay offered 211 items. They included how-to manuals for making money on Second Life, a guide to selling land, and business opportunities on the site. One item in particular was a vending machine business package available for $4.99. The individual offering the item was an eBay Power Seller with 6,483 feedback postings. He was obviously an established eBay seller. Other items for sale include a Gym Workout package for $4.99 and a macro that makes navigating the skies of Second Life easier. It sold for $12.99. Answers to the last three questions will vary by student. The point is to have them realize how advanced and pervasive sites like Second Life have become. 4. How important is interoperability between 3-D worlds like Second Life and other Web sites such as Amazon, MySpace, and YouTube? Do you think that Second Life can survive and prosper on its own? What is the future of these entities? Separate or integrated? Interoperability between 3-D worlds and other Web sites is very important because of the increasing popularity of all the sites. People don’t want to continually learn new and different skills. Rather they want to transport their skills and software from one site to another. It’s doubtful that Second Life could survive and prosper on its own. Demand for the site will increase if it becomes more entwined with other sites and even real life. As people continue to combine offline and online activities, they want easy ways to transition from one to the other. This is where the people component of the three dimensions of information systems becomes apparent. Obviously this leads to more integration in the future. 5. What obstacles does Second Life have to overcome in order to become a mainstream business tool? Does it face fewer or more obstacles to become a mainstream educational tool? To what do you attribute the difference? Second Life needs to overcome the idea and perception that it’s â€Å"just another game site.† Other obstacles include ease-of-use, interoperability between pre-established business systems and Second Life’s proprietary system. It needs to create ways to import and export data between its system and external business systems—don’t require data to be re-input into either system. Second Life faces more obstacles in trying to become a mainstream educational tool. Educators are inherently opposed to online, distance education because it supposedly lacks the face-to-face communication between teachers and students. However, as more education is carried online, Second Life has all the tools in place to make it easy to conduct classes, especi ally its online collaboration tools. 6. What kinds of businesses are most likely to benefit from a presence on Second Life? Why? Retail businesses that are already used to doing business online may have an easier time of establishing a viable presence on Second Life. They are used to advertising and marketing to customers online and have the systems built for taking orders, accepting payments, and shipping products. Other companies, like IBM, that have established online collaboration systems and online knowledge management systems will probably have an easier time using Second Life as another outlet for these activities. 7. would you like to interview for a job using Second Life? Why or why not? Obviously the answers to this question will vary from student to student. Some may prefer interviewing for a job using Second Life since they may see face-to-face interviews as extremely nerve-wracking. Other may prefer a face-to-face interview rather than trying to create an avatar that adequately represents them. 8. Is Second Life a precursor of how business will be conducted in the future or a corporate experiment? Justify your answer. Second Life probably is a precursor of how business will be conducted in the future. Online presence and activity is increasing, not decreasing. Businesses are continually turning to online services to change the way they do business and move many of their offline activities to online ventures.

Contract Definition Paper Essays - Contract Law, Contract

Contract Definition Paper Essays - Contract Law, Contract Contract Definition Paper Brian Olson Business Law 8 January 2001 A contract is a binding agreement made between two competent parties that can be written verbal or implied. The purpose of a contract is to create an agreement that can be supported by the law (Wests Encyclopedia). As we enter the new millenium, and with the increase in the number of businesses (including e-commerce), we need to know more and more about contract law. Knowledge of contract law can also protect consumers and businesses from misunderstandings. The six elements of a contract are: binding agreement, competent parties, form required by law, legal in purpose, consideration, and genuine assent. Binding Agreement A binding agreement is a contract, verbal or written, between parties that is bound by law. When two competent parties make an agreement, it is considered binding. A binding agreement must have an offer and an acceptance. An example of a binding agreement would be if Kelly told Jamie that she would buy her car for $6,000 and they both agreed to it. This agreement is legal in purpose, supported by consideration, is in the form required by law and is made by two competent parties who gave genuine assent. Competent Parties To make an agreement a legal contract, both parties have to be competent. All adults are assumed to be competent. Its important for people who are making contracts to be of sound mind. This means that the people involved cannot be under the influence of any substances or be mentally ill. Convicts and enemy aliens are also considered to lack capacity. Capacity means the ability to understand ones actions and the effects of those actions. It is legal for minors to enter into contracts, but they cannot be bound by law because younger people have limited experience and are more vulnerable than adults (Mietus 163). The purpose of competency is so people dont take advantage of those who are not competent when entering into contracts. When an adult makes a contract with a minor, the minor is the only one who can disaffirm the contract. The adult is bound by law (Mietus 163). An example of a contract that cannot legally be bound would be if John wanted to buy Ryans car for $2000 and Ryan refused. Later that day, John took Ryan out to a bar and offered him several drinks. John offered to buy Ryans car again and Ryan agreed because he was under the influence of alcohol. Due to Ryans lack of competency, this contract is void. Consideration Consideration is the promise or action that one person (the promisor) gives in exchange for the promise or action of the promisee (Mietus 198). A promise of giving without receiving is not a legal contract and would be called lack of consideration. An example of lack of consideration would be if grandpa said he would pay for your college tuition if you get straight As in high school and then decides not to do it. That promise would not be legally binding because he is not getting anything in return. Both parties must get something in return for the contact to be legal. An example of consideration is if two competent parties traded a pen for a watch. Each party is giving and receiving something of value, which is called consideration. One of the exceptions to consideration is promissory estoppel. An example of this would be if your dad said he would buy you a brand new car if you paid your way through law school. Because you suffered an economic loss to hold up your end of the bargain, the other party could be legally bound by promissory estoppel. Another exception to consideration are charitable contributions. For example, if I told Red Cross that I was going to donate $500 per year, then I could be legally bound to do so. Genuine Assent Genuine assent exists when consent is not clouded by fraud, duress, undo influence or mistake (Mietus 212). For example, if Billy pulled out a gun and got Ed to agree to sell his bike for $5, Ed is under duress and is not giving genuine assent to sell the bike. Genuine assent must be communicated clearly in some way (written, verbal or strongly implied). An example of not

Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO The WritePass Journal

Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO Entrepreneurial Management Innovation at WIPRO Introduction to the organizationApproach to the documentDefinition of termsFrom 1945 – 2000 individual entrepreneurshipValue based leadershipCorporate entrepreneurship from 2000 onwardsWorking framework for innovation at WiproApplied innovation frameworkProcess innovationDelivery InnovationTechnology innovationBusiness innovationThe outcomes of corporate entrepreneurshipInternal organizational factors to consider for successful innovationEffect of leadershipInnovation CultureManagement practicesValue systemOrganizational structureInnovation strategyA few hindrances to effective innovationCompetitive rivalryNational cultureRecommendationsTop down approachTeam based activitiesA new perspectiveConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction to the organization Wipro was founded in 1945 in India and is currently diversified from producing vanaspati oil during its initial set up to Information technology, consumer care, lighting, engineering and health care sectors. The company has a long history of budding from independent entrepreneurship to corporate entrepreneurship after its diversification. Though founded during the early 20th Century, this company came before economic liberalization and adroitly used the opportunities offered by deregulation to grow businesses. At the same time, they built strong organizational capabilities such as project management, quality of execution and speed. Arguably it is one of the few companies in India that changed its products and services with the pace of technological change and need. Wipro deals with business in IT services, Product engineering solutions, Technology infrastructure services, Business Process Outsourcing and other consulting related services.   As of 2010 the company has employee stren gth of more than 100,000 and is classified as a large company in the IT sector. Currently the organization is diversified into many businesses with Information Technology services playing a major role in Wipro’s success. Today the Indian IT companies namely TCS, Wipro, HCL are renowned in the global market for their services. The various external factors leading to this situation include the Indian education system, high quality engineers, low cost of creation and high technological infrastructure. Approach to the document This report defines the various kinds of innovative outcomes in Wipro and how it evolved over 50 years to its current state that can be classified into the OECD innovation model. After this a few factors that have led to these innovative outcomes have been discussed and further classified as facilitators or barriers. Based on these observations a few recommendations are also provided to improve corporate entrepreneurship at Wipro. Definition of terms Academicians and practitioners have defined corporate entrepreneurship in many different ways in the existing literature. A number of authors emphasize that entrepreneurship primarily acts in underpinning innovation (Drucker, 1985b; McGrath, 1996; Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990). According to Schumpeter (1934) Innovation is 1) The introduction of a new good or a new quality of the good 2) The introduction of a new method of production 3) The opening of a new market 4) The conquest of a new source of supply 5) The carrying out of the new organization of an industry It can be differentiated between 4 types of innovations, namely Product Innovation, Process Innovation, Marketing Innovation, and Organisational Innovation (OECD, 2007). Corporate entrepreneurship is defined as the effort of promoting innovation from an internal organization perspective, through the assessment of potential new opportunities, alignment of resources, exploitation and commercialisation of said opportunities (McFadzean et al 2005). Corporate Entrepreneurship (McFadzean, 2005) From 1945 – 2000 individual entrepreneurship Azim Hasham Premji, the chairman of Wipro, was called upon to manage Wipro when he was 21 years old at the sudden demise of his father in 1966. He has steered the company to a rapid growth since then. In the 70s, he realized a growing demand for computers in India with a few manufacturers. The company had no knowledge about computer manufacturing but Premji decided to venture into this and decided to collaborate with scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IIS) to manufacture hardware and later software (when the Indian market was liberalized in 1991). Under his leadership, the fledgling US$ 2 million hydrogenated cooking fat company has grown to a US$1.76 billion IT Services organization serving customers across the globe. Value based leadership Premji has established a strong value system in Wipro and believed that values not only helped in achieving success but also made that success more enduring and lasting (2003). Based on the vision created by the leader the organization made its path towards diversifying into various sectors and successfully innovating. Below are the milestones in the value based leadership that led to its growth until 2000 1977 – WIPRO was renamed to Wipro products limited due to its wide range of products 1970’s – First Indian company to manufacture mini computers 1980 – Wipro Technologies was created to manufacture computer hardware and related software 1988 – Wipro Biomed was established to market and service bio-analytical and diagnostics instruments. In 1989 it turned into a joint venture with GE and launched Wipro GE Medical systems limited 1998 Premji decided to undertake an image building exercise for Wipro and adopted the rainbow sunflower logo and the tag line Applying Thought 1999 First Indian company to receive the SEI-CMM level 5 certification which would help the company in global business development. All these initiatives led by the leader made Premji one of the top 30 all time great entrepreneurs in the world (Business week, July 2007). The magazine said, After making the company profitable and expanding from food oil to other consumer goods, Premji led Wipro into the nascent tech economy in the 1970s. Premji is also a hands-on manager involved in day-to-day operations, even making sales calls himself. He believed in empowering people allowing them to express their ideas and raise voices freely. There revolutionary policies would help shape the leaders of tomorrow. Employees were free to give feedback in a transparent system and the management at Wipro learnt what was hampering team performance and what could be done to rectify any problems. Corporate entrepreneurship from 2000 onwards From 2000 onwards the company focussed on innovation as a measure to sustain its competitive advantage. Since the launch of innovation initiatives in 2000, Wipro had emerged as one of the strongest players in the Information Technology (IT) industry. The company offered a comprehensive portfolio of products based on innovative solutions. Innovation was a prerequisite at Wipro since it believed that this was essential to achieve growth and competitive advantage. It was one of the values on Wipros promise statement that said, With utmost respect to human values, we promise to serve our customers with integrity through innovative, value for money solutions, by applying thought day after day. 2000 In September Wipro established ePeripherals Limited (Wep) diversifying into IT related businesses. 2004 Wipros innovation initiatives focused on the publishing industry resulted in huge success thus expanding the solutions to other areas finance, insurance, and manufacturing. 900 employees working towards developing innovative business solutions (Business Week, 2006) 2007 As of March 2007, innovative initiatives contributed to 7.5% of the toal revenues. Had a target of 10% by 2009 and successfully achieved it. Innovation council Soon the innovation council was formed and the approach aimed at soliciting ideas from the employees. The collected ideas from employees were discussed at the IC with top management reviewing the proposed ideas and analyzing how they would help the company accelerate growth and increase the quality of its new products. Thus it offered a bottom up approach to innovation although the feasibility was considered by the top management. And with selected ones, the company granted funding, technology and resources to bring into action. This encouraged the employees to suggest more innovative ideas and by the end of 2006 the council had 200 permanent employees to handle requests. Working framework for innovation at Wipro The innovation initiative at Wipro began with in depth study of successfully innovating companies like Nike, 3M Technologies and Home Depot. A 2 member team was formed to consult with academicians, experts, industrialists to chart out an innovation initiative. However after thorough examination it was observed that no existing innovation models could be replicated at Wipro. Hence by adopting a ground-up approach a focussed innovation model was built based on the requirements of the company also considering authorized customer ideas. According to Oslo Manual for measuring innovation there are 4 types of innovation product innovation; process innovation; marketing innovation and organisational innovation. However the working framework of innovation at Wipro classifies innovation at Wipro as Process Innovation, Technology Innovation, Delivery Innovation and Business Innovation. Applied innovation framework Wipros applied innovation was a 360 degree approach to business that focussed on four domains business, process, technology and delivery. This would help Wipro technologies work collaboratively with its clients to reduce the cost of a project, speed up the process of delivery and identify new opportunities for business. Innovation at Wipro (Divakaran Mangalath, 2006) Process innovation As part of its innovation process Wipro applied the principles of lean manufacturing and six sigma to its process of software design and development. This helped it increase productivity by 10% since it reused tools and components. It was evident that after lean principles of engineering were applied to over 700 projects, 20-30% savings were recovered for the company (directors report, 2007). Delivery Innovation This included the software factory model and the global delivery model. The factory model integrated several IT functions into a centralized supply chain allowing common areas of work to be grouped for better quality and time saving. Wipro observed 10-15% reduction in cycle time of demand to delivery of products. It was globally used across projects and Wipro was credited with pioneering the virtual distributed software development model that enabled companies to manage large projects through virtually distributed teams. Technology innovation The company was involved in creating IPs (Intellectual Properties) that effectively enabled its customers to reduce time in the product life cycle and improve the success rates of the products. Eg: the company developed a plug-n-play patent and IP that helped reduce the products time-to-market by 20-25%. Also they were the largest bank of patents in bluetooth, wireless LAN and IEEE 1394. Business innovation To improve its relation with customers, the company focussed on business solutions that were specific to the related industry. Wipros business innovations included Data Privacy and Master Data Management, Clinical Data Management, Integrated Publishing platform, vendor managed inventory, retail pharmacy, etc. Wipro also developed the GCC (Global command center) with IT infrastructure for its customers. The customers were happy to monitor, diagnose, store and secure applications as and when needed. The outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship In 8 years, by the end of 2008, innovation became an integral part of product development process. Since the cyclic processs has been inculcated in the employees, the time-to-market was significantly decreased for new products and also the products used leading-edge technology. A work flow solution Flow-Brix was estimated to generate revenues in the range US$ 75,000 US$ 1 million. Innovation had spread across all sectors of the organization and i-Desk was the first one to enable easy HR management by a collaborating workplace tool for workflow solutions for publishing. All these innovation initiatives have been fruitful and also helped the company attract prospective employees to fill 29% of vacancies in 2006 (Business week, 2006) Hence it was certain that the innovation process enabled a strong product portfolio and also brought good revenue streams. In Wipro technologies, the company was focussing on consultancy services which would further enhance its image in the global software industry. Internal organizational factors to consider for successful innovation Effect of leadership In Wipro it was not only recruiting the right kind of people, but also in proper training of its people. Employees were mandated to frequent internal training sessions with major responsibilities showered on them although they may not seem well prepared for the role. Premji (2005) defined 8 leadership qualities which were made a standard against which new employees would be recruited and trained. He believed that training and development at various stages were designed by mapping peoples competencies to specific roles in the Life Cycle Stage Development Plan. Innovation Culture Premji also placed utmost importance on innovation and creativity in developing a successful organization. Stressing the importance of innovation for the overall development of the organization, Premji said, Innovation is essentially the application of high creativity. It need not be restricted to just products; it applies to services, employee attitude and across all levels. Innovation is a fundamental mindset pursued seriously by an organization. It is imperative to imbibe the culture of innovation(Manu B. 2006). Analysts report that the open and supportive culture at Wipro gives employees the opportunity to develop their skills and as a result, contribute more to the organization. Management practices In order to come out with innovative products and services, the top management at Wipro committed itself to fostering innovation in the organization and encouraging employees to come out with innovative ideas. Value system The company also strove to make it more customers centric. The company believes in the objective of customer-in where the voice of the customers is built in the products rather than being product-out where the products are sold by marketing its features to the customer. Premji also believed that this value system has to remain intact even after his tenure which was openly admired by the competitors. Organizational structure In Wipro the organizational structure was also responsible for carrying out innovation initiative in selected projects. The company emphasized the commercial viability of an idea along with innovation. The concept was to create components with Intellectual Properties (IP) that would generate revenues over a period of time rather than one-time revenue from projects. Innovation strategy Another approach to innovation involved executives of several industry vertical business units identifying new technologies that would be of importance to their clients in the near future. The objective was to have expertise in the new technologies and come up with the products and productive services that could be patented by Wipro. These centres also work with research institutes, technology providers and also provide a platform for the growth of the employees. The company was able to launch new products continuously due to its innovation strategy, which considerably reduced the time between idea-generation and final product development. A few hindrances to effective innovation Competitive rivalry WIPRO was able to produce hardware and software for the domestic market, however due to high competition and low quality; they decided that they could not export their products in a market that had the niche products from the big companies. They were not ready to take the risk of competing with IBM, Intel, and Apple and decided to use the opportunity where doors were open in the Indian market. If in the process, they were able to attain the quality as these giants, they could have made it to the bigger markets in no time and could have proven cost effective than other options. But due to unavailability of high quality raw material and skilled resources, they had to limit to the domestic market. National culture India is a developing nation and it takes time for technological changes to occur. Also the initial cost of hardware and software related to new technology is very high and not affordable to most projects. Hence although the Innovation council decides on feasible innovative ideas posted by employees, quite often they are rejected due to unavailability of resources in the country. However the company is striving to compete with global competitors in the technological field and this barrier can cause a major impact on the innovation strategy. Recommendations Top down approach An entrepreneurial vision indicates the strategic intent of the organization. Stein (2002) proposed that the most admired companies set challenging goals. This vision encourages individuals to hold informal discussion with colleagues, friends and share the knowledge that they bring with different project experiences. This helps refine the idea based on the critical analysis by more than one person. Thus the vision setter actually motivates employees to strive to excel beyond their capabilities and routines. Although innovation and creativity cannot be forced on employees, this provides a platform to discuss, relate and generate new ideas. This continuous innovation is also possible only when the employee understands and accepts the vision and strives to deliver it. Team based activities In Wipro technologies project work is also carried out in teams. This inculcates an team based culture for working among employees. Although the employee is not forced to discuss innovative ideas within his team he can depend upon forums to find people with similar interests. As part of knowledge sharing the company encourages participation in forums and blogging. Thus a webbed structure is created in sharing ideas. For example, people working for different projects but with similar technological backgrounds can rely upon the forums for their needed expertise. In this way simple tools created in one project can be easily passed on to other projects with similar requirements effectively reducing time to collaborate with the Innovation council. This can also be seen as a knowledge management initiative that fosters innovation. A new perspective The organization can look upon innovative ideas as a change management process. The organization has keenly created the Innovation council to take care of the process. However the acceptability of existing teams to these new ideas is not calculated as a risk. People could be inflexible in accepting a novel way of doing business. They are more comfortable with the routine methods and could prove a failure to the case. Along with innovation management the organization should also consider change management as part of the culture. This would improve acceptability of ideas and keep the cyclic process of innovation going on. Conclusion Wipro which began with the success of an individual entrepreneur has matured to a corporate entrepreneur that fosters innovation. The innovation discussed about Wipro technologies in particular can be applied to other industries too. Analysts feel that these internal organizational factors – culture, leadership, strategy give employees the environment conducive for continuous innovation and contribute more to the organization. However, the company has to rethink of its methods since close competitors like TCS, Infosys and CTS are also making huge investments in innovation. Hence with increased competition, it is a challenge for Wipro to sustain the current position of the innovation leader in the Indian market. References Azim Premji, â€Å"8 Steps to Excellence†, The Smart Manager, January 2005. Azim Premjis Interview with IIM Bangalores S.Krishna, www.azimpremjifoundation.com, March 2003. â€Å"Director’s Report,† www.moneycontrol.com, March 2007. Divakaran Mangalath, â€Å"What Makes Innovation Work,† www.wipro.com, December 2006. Drucker, P.F. (1985b), Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Heinemann, London. Elspeth McFadzean, Andrew OLoughlin, Elizabeth Shaw, (2005) Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation part 1: the missing link, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 8 Iss: 3, pp.350 – 372 Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V. (2000), â€Å"Knowledge flows within multinational corporations†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 473-96. Jon Tozzi, â€Å"The Greatest Entrepreneurs of All Time,† Business Week, July 2007. Manu A B, â€Å"Premji on Innovation, Creativity,† www.rediff.com, February 16, 2006. McGrath, R.G. (1996), â€Å"Options and the entrepreneur: towards a strategic theory of wealth creation†, Academy of Management Proceedings, pp. 101-5. OECD (2007): OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, p. 94. Stein, J.C. (2002), â€Å"Information production and capital allocation: decentralized versus hierarchical firms†, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 No. 5, pp. 1891-922. Stevenson, H.H. and Jarillo, J.C. (1990), â€Å"A paradigm of entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial management†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 17-27. Schumpeter, J.A. (1934): The Theory of Economic Development, 13th Printing 2007, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. (2003), â€Å"Knowledge-based resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and the performance of small and medium-sized businesses†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, pp. 1307-14. Wipros New Groove, www.businessweek.com, February 17, 2006. â€Å"QA with Wipro’s Azim Premji,† www.businessweek.com, November 27, 2006.

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Business Management Techniques for Engineers Essay

Business Management Techniques for Engineers - Essay Example This essay discusses that the Chief Technology Officer is the ultimate person to whom the progress of the whole project will be reported. It would be the responsibility of the CTO to conduct the whole project and report the final outcomes of the project to the Board of Directors of the company. CTO of the company will assign five sub-committees, in order to bring in the different ideas from various personnel involved at the planning stage. This stage of the project is named as activity A. All of five committees would be assigned to prepare a feasibility report as per their own understanding and knowledge of the project. These four stages would be entitled as activity B, C, D, E and F. After the submission of detailed five feasibility reports, CTO would evaluate every report and discuss it with the CEO of the company. CTO in collaboration with CEO will then approve particular sub committees’ feasibility report and will show his consent in commencing the project. These activitie s are referred as activities G and H. CTO along with his/her team will then decide whether the internal human resource of the company will be necessary enough to complete the project or external hiring should be conducted if the project completion requires special types of skilled workers. Internal human resource utilization activity is referred as activity I and activity pertaining to external hiring of highly specialized workers is referred as activity J.... g other heavy manufacturing projects, therefore, as such there seems no requirement of hiring specialized outside workforce as the company already has various project specialists and technicians who can perform their tasks during this project as well. The decision in favor of capitalizing the internal human resource of the company is referred as activity K. Financial Resources After this decision, the financial resources of the company will be sought in order to make funding arrangements of this project. The finance department of the company will analyze as how to finance this project whether by raising equity or debt or utilizing company’s own internally generated funds. After the establishment of funding resources, the resources will be allocated to different areas of this project. The primary allocation of financial resources involves the payment of salaries and wages to the project workers, procurement of the necessary equipment and tools, purchasing of specialized softwar e packages relating to that particular technology etc. This financial resource activity is referred to as activity L. Procurement Procurement of necessary equipment and tools to be used in the project would be made in the next stage of the project after allotment of allocated funds. These funds will be utilized till the end of the project if any further tools are required at the later stage of the project. Purchase of highly sophisticated project is also one of the areas in which funds would be used. The company would purchase a customized software package with different suits. Appropriate training of that software would also be provided to the specific personnel with those dedicated funds. This procurement activity is referred to as activity M of the project. Technology Implementation After the